Nivalenol

Nivalenol (NIV)
Names
	Other names (3α,4β,7α)-12,13-epoxy-3,4,7,15-tetrahydroxy-trichothec-9-en-8-one
Identifiers
CAS Number	23282-20-4 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:7599 ;
ChemSpider	29515 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.150.573
KEGG	C06080 ;
PubChem CID	31829;
UNII	5WOP02RM1U ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID3021067 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C15H20O7/c1-6-3-7-14(4-16,11(20)8(6)17)13(2)10(19)9(18)12(22-7)15(13)5-21-15/h3,7,9-12,16,18-20H,4-5H2,1-2H3/t7-,9-,10-,11-,12-,13-,14-,15+/m1/s1 Key: UKOTXHQERFPCBU-XBXCNEFVSA-N ; InChI=1/C15H20O6/c1-7-3-9-14(5-16,11(19)10(7)18)13(2)4-8(17)12(21-9)15(13)6-20-15/h3,8-9,11-12,16-17,19H,4-6H2,1-2H3/t8-,9-,11-,12-,13-,14-,15+/m1/s1;
	SMILES CC1=C[C@H]2O[C@@H]3[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@](C)([C@]34CO4)[C@@]2(CO)[C@H](O)C1=O;
Properties
Chemical formula	C15H20O7
Molar mass	312.318 g·mol−1
Appearance	solid
Density	1.6±0.1 g/cm3
Melting point	222–223 °C (432–433 °F; 495–496 K)
Boiling point	585.1±50 °C
Solubility in water	3.54*10^5 mg/L at 25 °C
Solubility	soluble in polar organic solvents
Acidity (pKa)	11.78
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H225, H300, H302, H310, H312, H319, H330, H332
Precautionary statements	P210, P241, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P310, P302+P350, P304+P340, P310, P320, P321, P322, P330, P361, P363, P403+P233, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	1 3 0
Flash point	5 °C (41 °F; 278 K)
Autoignition; temperature	525 °C (977 °F; 798 K)
Threshold limit value (TLV)	20 ppm (34 mg/m3) Skin
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	19.5 mg/kg (rats, oral), 38.9 mg/kg (mouse, oral)
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	40 ppm (70 mg/m3)
REL (Recommended)	20 ppm (34 mg/m3)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Nivalenol (NIV) is a mycotoxin of the trichothecene group. In nature it is mainly found in fungi of the Fusarium species. The Fusarium species belongs to the most prevalent mycotoxin producing fungi in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, therefore making them a considerable risk for the food crop production industry.

The fungi are abundant in various agricultural products (cereal crops) and their further processed products (malt, beer and bread). "The Fusarium species invade and grow on crops, and may produce nivalenol under moist and cool conditions".

In pigs, the symptoms observed after nivalenol exposure are "feed refusal, vomiting, gastroenteric and dermal irritation or necrosis and immunological dysfunction", as well as haematotoxicity, resulting in a low leukocyte count.