Campaigns of the Philippine–American War
| Philippine–American War | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Filipino soldiers outside Manila 1899 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
|
United States |
First Philippine Republic Philippine Revolutionary Army Pulajanes Sultanate of Sulu Moro Republic of Zamboanga Republic of Negros | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt Elwell Otis Arthur MacArthur John Pershing Jacob Smith |
Emilio Aguinaldo Antonio Luna Artemio Ricarte Miguel Malvar Manuel Tinio Arcadio Maxilom Macario Sakay Dionisio Seguela Sultan of Sulu | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
≈126,000 total | 100,000–1,200,000 | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
|
4,165 killed (about 75% from disease), ≈3,000 wounded; 2,000 Philippine Constabulary killed or wounded | ≈12,000–20,000 killed | ||||||||
| Filipino civilian dead: ≈200,000 to 1,500,000 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
Fighting erupted between forces of the United States and those of the Philippine Republic on February 4, 1899, in what became known as the 1899 Battle of Manila. On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States. The war officially ended on July 2, 1902, with a victory for the United States. However, some Philippine groups—led by veterans of the Katipunan, a Philippine revolutionary society—continued to battle the American forces for several more years. Among those leaders was General Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member who assumed the presidency of the proclaimed Tagalog Republic, formed in 1902 after the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo. Other groups, including the Moro, Bicol and Pulahan peoples, continued hostilities in remote areas and islands, until their final defeat at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15, 1913.
During the war, the United States Army conducted nine military campaigns. Two additional campaigns were conducted after the official end to the war on July 4, 1902 in connection with the Moro rebellion, which continued until 1913. Some other significant actions occurred outside of organized campaigns, both during the war itself and in the post-war period.