American fugitives in Cuba

The United States and Cuba have maintained an extradition treaty since April 6, 1904, following the island's independence. Modern diplomatic relations are cold due to historic conflict and divergent political ideologies which has strained fulfillment of their bilateral extradition treaty. The active treaty has historically had weak enforcement mechanisms with both nations consistently noncompliant.

U.S. fugitives have sought political asylum in Cuba since the 1960s, stemming from a variety of domestic and international social movements. This includes the black power movement of the 1960s to 1980s, the Puerto Rican independence movement, and CIA-led foreign operations on the island. Estimates of U.S. fugitives in Cuba are inconclusive with a range of 90 (1998) to 100 (2000).