19th-century Dutch literature

After the last years of the 18th century, which had seen the decline of the Dutch Republic, including the arts and international politics, the 19th-century was marked by a general revival of intellectual force. The romantic movement in Germany made itself deeply felt in all branches of Dutch literature and German lyricism took the place hitherto held by French classicism, in spite of the country falling to French expansionism, during the Batavian revolution.