Using CSS counters

To use a counter it must first be initialized to a value with the counter-reset property. The counter's value can be increased or decreased using the counter-increment property and can be directly set to a specific value using the counter-set property. The current value of a counter is displayed using the counter() or counters() function, typically within a pseudo-element content property.

Counters can only be set, reset, or incremented in elements that generate boxes. For example, if an element is set to display: none then any counter operation on that element will be ignored.

The properties of counters can be scoped to specific elements using style containment which is described in more detail in the contain property.

To use a CSS counter, it must first be initialized to a value with the counter-reset property. The property can also be used to change the counter value to any specific number.

Below we initialize a counter named section to the default value (0).

counter-reset: section;

You can also initialize multiple counters, optionally specifying an initial value for each. Below we initialize the section and topic counters to the default value, and the page counter to 3.

counter-reset: section page 3 topic;

Once initialized, a counter's value can be increased or decreased using counter-increment. For example, the following declaration would increment the section counter by one on every h3 tag.

h3::before {
  counter-increment: section; /* Increment the value of section counter by 1 */
}

You can specify the increment or decrement amount after the counter name. It can be a positive or negative number, but defaults to 1 if no integer is provided.

Apart from being incremented or decremented, counters can also be explicitly set to a value using the counter-set property.

.done::before {
  counter-set: section 20;
}

The counter's name must not be none, inherit, or initial; otherwise the declaration is ignored.

The value of a counter can be displayed using either the counter() or counters() function in a content property.

For example, the following declaration uses counter() to prefix each h3 heading with the text Section <number>:, where <number> is the value of the count in decimal (the default display style):

body {
  counter-reset: section; /* Set a counter named 'section', and its initial value is 0. */
}

h3::before {
  counter-increment: section; /* Increment the value of section counter by 1 */
  content: "Section " counter(section) ": "; /* Display counter value in default style (decimal) */
}

The counter() function is used when the numbering of nesting levels does not include the context of parent levels. For example, here each nested level restarts from one:

1 One
  1 Nested one
  2 Nested two
2 Two
  1 Nested one
  2 Nested two
  3 Nested three
3 Three

The counters() function is used when the count for nested levels must include the count from parent levels. For example, you might use this to lay out sections as shown:

1 One
  1.1 Nested one
  1.2 Nested two
2 Two
  2.1 Nested one
  2.2 Nested two
  2.3 Nested three
3 Three

The counter() function has two forms: counter(<counter-name>) and counter(<counter-name>, <counter-style>). The generated text is the value of the innermost counter of the given name in scope at the pseudo-element.

The counters() function also has two forms: counters(<counter-name>, <separator>) and counters(<counter-name>, <separator>, <counter-style>). The generated text is the value of all counters with the given name in scope at the given pseudo-element, from outermost to innermost, separated by the specified string (<separator>).

The counter is rendered in the specified <counter-style> for both methods (decimal by default). You can use any of the list-style-type values or your own custom styles.

Examples showing the use of counter() and counters() are given below in the basic example and Example of a nested counter, respectively.

A reversed counter is one that is intended to count down (decrement) rather than up (increment). Reversed counters are created using the reversed() function notation when naming the counter in counter-reset.

Reversed counters have a default initial value equal to the number of elements (unlike normal counters, which have a default value of 0). This makes it easy to implement a counter that counts from the number of elements down to one.

For example, to create a reversed counter named section with a default initial value, you would use the following syntax:

counter-reset: reversed(section);

You can of course specify any initial value that you like.

The counter value is decreased by specifying a negative value for counter-increment.

Each element or pseudo-element has a set of counters in the scope of that element. Initial counters in the set are received from the element's parent and the preceding sibling. The counter values are received from the last descendant of the previous sibling, the last sibling, or the parent.

When an element declares a counter, the counter is nested inside the counter with the same name received from the parent. If the parent doesn't have a counter with the same name then the counter is added to the element's counters set as it is. A counter with the same name received from the previous sibling is removed from the counters set.

The counter() function retrieves the innermost counter with the provided name. And the counters() function retrieves the entire counter tree with the given name.

In the following example, we are demoing an inherited counter named primary and a sibling counter named secondary. All the <div> elements display their counters using the counters() function. Note that all the counters have been created using counter-reset property, and none of the counters have been incremented.

<section>
  counter-reset: primary 3
  <div>A</div>
  <div>B</div>
  <div>C</div>
  <div class="same-primary-name">D</div>
  <span> counter-reset: primary 6</span>
  <div>E</div>
  <div class="new-secondary-name">F</div>
  <span> counter-reset: secondary 5</span>
  <div>G</div>
  <div>H</div>
  <div class="same-secondary-name">I&nbsp;</div>
  <span> counter-reset: secondary 10</span>
  <div>J&nbsp;</div>
  <div>K</div>
  <section></section>
</section>

/* create 'primary' counter on divs' parent */
section {
  counter-reset: primary 3;
}

div::after {
  content: " ('primary' counters: " counters(primary, "-", style)
    ", 'secondary' counters: " counters(secondary, "-", style) ")";
  color: blue;
}

/* create new 'primary' counter */
.same-primary-name {
  counter-reset: primary 6;
}

/* create 'secondary' counter on div 'F' */
.new-secondary-name {
  counter-reset: secondary 5;
}

/* override the sibling 'secondary' counter */
.same-secondary-name {
  counter-reset: secondary 10;
}

The section element initializes a counter named primary with value 3, and all the child <div>s receive the inherited primary counter. The element 'D' creates a new primary (value 6) counter which gets nested in the counter received from the parent, so the element has two counters named primary with values 3 and 6.

The element 'F' creates the secondary (value 5) counter for the first time, and it passes the counter to the next sibling 'G'. The element 'G' passes the counter to the next element 'H' and so on. Next, the element 'I' creates a new counter with the same name secondary (value 10), but it drops the secondary (value 5) counter received from the previous sibling 'H' and passes its own counter to 'J'.

The counter-set property updates an existing counter and if no counter with the name exists then a new counter is instantiated. The counter-reset property always creates a new counter.

In the following example, we have two sub-lists inside a parent list. Each list item has been numbered using a counter named 'item'. The first sub-list uses counter-set property and the second sub-list uses counter-reset property to change the 'item' counter.

<ul class="parent">
  <li>A</li>
  <li>B</li>
  <li>
    C (the counter updated using `counter-set`)
    <ul class="sub-list-one">
      <li>sub-A</li>
      <li>sub-B</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>D</li>
  <li>
    E (a new counter created using `counter-reset`)
    <ul class="sub-list-two">
      <li>sub-A</li>
      <li>sub-B</li>
      <li>sub-C</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>F</li>
  <li>G</li>
</ul>

/* create a new counter for the first time */
.parent {
  counter-reset: item 0;
}

/* increment the counter on each list item */
li {
  counter-increment: item;
}

/* show numbers on list items */
li::before {
  content: counter(item) " ";
}

/* change the existing counter value */
.sub-list-one {
  counter-set: item 10;
}

/* change the counter value */
.sub-list-two {
  counter-reset: item 0;
}

Notice how the first sub-list items start receiving numbers from 11, and the numbering is continued in the parent list. This is because the counter-set property updates the same 'item' counter declared on the .parent element. Then notice how the second sub-list items receive new numbering starting from '1' and the parent list items after it don't carry forward the numbering. This is because the counter-reset property created a new counter with the same name so the parent list items kept using the old counter.

Ordered lists, as created using <ol> elements, implicitly have a counter named list-item.

Like other counters, this has a default initial value of 0 for upward counters and "number of items" for reversed counters. Unlike author-created counters, list-item automatically increments or decrements by one for each list element, depending on whether or not the counter is reversed.

The list-item counter can be used to manipulate the default behavior of ordered lists using CSS. For example, you can change the default initial value, or use counter-increment to change the way in which the list items increment or decrement.

This example adds "Section [the value of the counter]:" to the beginning of each heading.

CSS

body {
  counter-reset: section; /* Set a counter named 'section', and its initial value is 0. */
}

h3::before {
  counter-increment: section; /* Increment the value of section counter by 1 */
  content: "Section " counter(section) ": "; /* Display the word 'Section ', the value of
                                                section counter, and a colon before the content
                                                of each h3 */
}

HTML

<h3>Introduction</h3>
<h3>Body</h3>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>

Result

This example is the same as the one above but uses a reversed counter. If your browser supports the reversed() function notation, the result will look like this:

CSS

body {
  counter-reset: reversed(
    section
  ); /* Set a counter named 'section', and its initial value is 0. */
}

h3::before {
  counter-increment: section -1; /* Decrement the value of section counter by 1 */
  content: "Section " counter(section) ": "; /* Display the word 'Section ', the value of
                                                section counter, and a colon before the content
                                                of each h3 */
}

HTML

<h3>Introduction</h3>
<h3>Body</h3>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>

Result

A counter need not necessarily be shown every time it is incremented. This example counts all links with the counter showing only when a link has no text, as a convenient replacement.

CSS

:root {
  counter-reset: link;
}

a[href] {
  counter-increment: link;
}

a[href]:empty::after {
  content: "[" counter(link) "]";
}

HTML

<p>See <a href="https://www.mozilla.org/"></a></p>
<p>Do not forget to <a href="contact-me.html">leave a message</a>!</p>
<p>See also <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/"></a></p>

Result

A CSS counter can be especially useful for making outlined lists, because a new instance of the counter is automatically created in child elements. Using the counters() function, separating text can be inserted between different levels of nested counters.

CSS

ol {
  counter-reset: section; /* Creates a new instance of the
                             section counter with each ol
                             element */
  list-style-type: none;
}

li::before {
  counter-increment: section; /* Increments only this instance
                                            of the section counter */
  content: counters(section, ".") " "; /* Combines the values of all instances
                                          of the section counter, separated
                                          by a period */
}

HTML

<ol>
  <li>item</li>          <!-- 1     -->
  <li>item               <!-- 2     -->
    <ol>
      <li>item</li>      <!-- 2.1   -->
      <li>item</li>      <!-- 2.2   -->
      <li>item           <!-- 2.3   -->
        <ol>
          <li>item</li>  <!-- 2.3.1 -->
          <li>item</li>  <!-- 2.3.2 -->
        </ol>
        <ol>
          <li>item</li>  <!-- 2.3.1 -->
          <li>item</li>  <!-- 2.3.2 -->
          <li>item</li>  <!-- 2.3.3 -->
        </ol>
      </li>
      <li>item</li>      <!-- 2.4   -->
    </ol>
  </li>
  <li>item</li>          <!-- 3     -->
  <li>item</li>          <!-- 4     -->
</ol>
<ol>
  <li>item</li>          <!-- 1     -->
  <li>item</li>          <!-- 2     -->
</ol>

Result

• contain
• counter-reset
• counter-set
• counter-increment
• @counter-style
• CSS counter styles module
• CSS lists and counters module